Questions

YES-NO Questions

This type of question in Tagalog is easily identifiable because it is marked by the particle BA, referred to by many grammar books as the yes-no question marker.  It also has a rising intonation just like question patterns in English.
The Particle BA

The particle BA usually comes after the first element of a sentence. BA works about the same as a question mark. It lets the speaker know that you are asking a question. Please note that BA is only used for questions that must have a yes or no answer.

1)  In a simple predicative sentence, it comes after the predicate.   Here are some examples:

Doktor si Pedro sa PGH.               Doktor ba si Pedro sa PGH?	Pedro is a doctor at PGH.             Is Pedro a doctor at PGH?
Mabait si Maria.                           Mabait ba si Maria?	Maria is kind.                               Is Maria kind?
Pupunta si Tess sa Cebu bukas.      Pupunta ba si Tess sa Cebu bukas?	Tess is going to Cebu tomorrow.    Is Tess going to Cebu tomorrow?

2)  In an AY-sentence, it comes after the focus.  Here are some examples: 

Si Pedro ay doktor sa PGH.          Si Pedro ba ay doktor sa PGH?	Pedro is a doctor at PGH.             Is Pedro a doctor at PGH?
Si Maria ay mabait.                      Si Maria ba ay mabait?	Maria is kind.                          Is Maria kind?
Si Tess ay pupunta sa Cebu bukas.    Si Tess ba ay pupunta sa Cebu bukas?	Tess is going to Cebu tomorrow.   Is Tess going to Cebu tomorrow?

3)  In an  emphatic sentence, BA comes after an emphasized element (such as location, time indicator, or direction).  Here are some examples: 

Bukas, pupunta si Tess sa Cebu.     Bukas ba pupunta si Tess sa Cebu?	Tomorrow, Tess is going to Cebu.   Is it tomorrow that Tess goes to Cebu?
Sa Linggo, si Mila ay darating.       Sa Linggo ba darating si Mila?	On Sunday, Mila arrives.               Is it on Sunday that Mila arrives?

The exceptions to this rule include sentences that contain the pronoun KA and enclitics such as NA, PA, NAMAN, etc. 

Tag questions 

Tag questions in Tagalog are expressed by the phrase "hindi ba?" (or its shortened form "'di ba?"). Its closest equivalent in English is "Is it not?"  Here are some examples:

Estudyante ka sa NIU, 'di ba?	You are a student at NIU, aren't you?
Maganda ang pelikula, hindi ba?	The movie was good, wasn't it?
Tumira ka sa Banaue, hindi ba?	You lived in Banaue, didn't you?
Nasa Hawaii si Ruth, hindi ba?	Ruth is in Hawaii, isn't she?
May tanong ka, 'di ba?	You have a question, don't you?

Sino

This is the Tagalog equivalent of the English word who.  It is always followed by an ANG-clause (a focused clause). The expected response to this question is a sentence that has ANG-phrases in both predicate and subject positions (referred to as an identificational sentence). Or, phrased differently, the answer to a SINO question will have both the subject and the predicate in focus. Let's look at the first example:
Sino ang bagong titser?
Si Ginang Santos (ang bagong titser).
Notice that both Ginang Santos and bagong titser are in focus. The direct answer to the question is Si Ginang Santos. The second part is optional, it merely makes the answer more complete. When translating this sentence into English, we see that there is some sort of implied is between Si Ginang Santos and ang bagaong titser. The word is functions like an equal sign. So, if the two parts of the sentence are equal and if the first part of the sentence is in focus, it seems reasonable that the second part of the sentence would be in focus as well.
When the anticipated response is a plural noun, the question word used by many speakers is sinu-sino. Or in other words, if only one person is being asked about, the word sino is used. If more than one person is being asked about then sinu-sino is used. Here are some examples:

Sino ang bagong titser? Si Ginang Santos (ang bagong titser).Sino ang kasama mo sa Bacolod? Si Robert (ang kasama ko sa Bacolod). Sino ang nagluto ng pansit? Ang nanay ni Fe (ang nagluto ng pansit). Sino ang magdadala ng radyo? Si Noel (ang magdadala ng radyo). Sinu-sino ang sasama sa Sagada? Kaming lahat (ang sasama sa Sagada).Sinu-sino ang taga-Maynila rito? Si Lita, si Fe at ako (ang taga-Maynila).

Who is the new teacher? Mrs. Santos (is the new teacher).Who went with you to Bacolod? Robert (went to Bacolod with me). Who cooked the pansit? Fe's mom (cooked the pansit). Who is going to bring a radio? Noel (is going to bring a radio). Who are going (with me) to Sagada? All of us (are going to Sagada).Who are from Manila here? Lita, Fe , and I (are from Manila).

Ano

This is the equivalent of the English word what. It is followed by an ANG-phrase (phrase that is in focus) and may be answered by a simple nominal, adjectival, or verbal sentence. When the anticipated response is a plural noun-phrase, some speakers use the question word anu-ano. In other words, if only one thing is asked about, then the word ano is used. If more than one thing is asked about, then anu-ano is used. Here are some examples:

Ano ang pangalan mo? Maria (ang pangalan ko).Ano ang "major" mo? Kasaysayan (ang "major" ko). Ano ang ginawa mo noong Sabado? Pumunta ako sa Laguna noong Sabado. Ano ang pinanood ninyo kahapon? Pinanood namin ang "Ifugaw" kahapon. Anu-ano ang dala mo? Mga prutas at gulay (ang dala ko).Anu-ano ang sinabi ng tatay? Sinabi niya na huwag kang iinom ng alak at umuwi ka ng maaga.

What is your name? (My name is) Maria.What is your major?                          (My major is) history. What did you do last Saturday? I went to Laguna last Saturday. What did you watch yesterday? We watched "Ifugaw" yesterday. What do you have there? (I have) fruits and vegetables (here).What did Dad say? He said that you should not have liquor and you have to go home early.

Saan

This is the equivalent of the English word where. The question is usually answered with the word SA. If only one place is asked about, then word saan is used. If more than one place is asked about, then saan-saan is used. Here are some examples:

Saan ka nakatira? Sa Malate (ako nakatira).Saan ang bayan ng nanay mo? Sa Ilokos (ang bayan ng nanay ko). Saan ka magbabakasyon? Sa Bikol (ako magbabakasyon). Saan-saan kayo pumunta noong "summer"? (Pumunta kami) sa Iloilo, sa Bacolod at sa Davao (noong "summer").Saan-saan kayo lumibot sa Amerika? (Namasyal kami) sa San Francisco, sa Chicago at sa New York.

Where do you live? (I live) in Malate.Where is your mother's town? (My mother's town is) in Ilokos. Where are you going for a vacation? (I am going) to Bikol (for a vacation). Where did you go last summer? (We went) to Iloilo, Bacolod, and Davao (last summer).Where did you go in in the US? (We visited) San Francisco, Chicago and New York.

Ilan

This is the Tagalog equivalent of the English interrogative pronoun how many. The answers to ILAN questions always include numbers or other words that express quantity (how much of something). Here are some examples:

Ilan ang kapatid mo? Pito (ang kapatid ko).Ilan ang estudyante ng Tagalog? Labinlima (ang estudyante ng Tagalog). Ilan ang klase mo tuwing Lunes? Tatlo (ang klase ko tuwing Lunes). Ilan ang dumating na bisita kagabi? Marami(ang dumating na bisita kagabi).Ilan ang batang naglalaro sa labas? Iilan lang (ang batang naglalaro sa labas).

How many siblings do you have? (I have) seven (siblings).How many Tagalog students are there? (There are) fifteen (Tagalog students). How many classes do you have on Mondays? (I have) three (classes on Mondays). How many guests came last night? Many (guests came last night).How many kids are playing outside? (There are) only a number (of kids playing outside).